Acronym Definition
RPPT Real Property Probate and Trust
RPPT Remote PowerPoint Presentation Tool
RPPT Rooster Poly Pro Top
RPPT rate pressure product thresholds
RPPT Rural Public Passenger Transport
RPPT regulated peak-power tracking
RPPT regionale PP-tenestene
RPPT Regional pedagogisk-psykologisk teneste
RPPT Rice Parallel Processing Testbed
RPPT Remote Powerpoint
RPPT rail project power transport
RPPT Rospromput
RPPT Real Parts Per Thousand
RPPT Real Parts Per Trillion
RPPT Real Power Point File format/extension (Microsoft)
RPPT Real Pacific Prevailing Time
RPPT Real Paid Part-Timer
RPPT Real Papeete, French Polynesia - International Tahiti-Faaa (Airport Code)
RPPT Real Partial Prothrombine Time
RPPT Real Partners for Public Transportation
RPPT Real Pass Prediction Table
RPPT Real Patria Para Todos (Homeland for All, political party)
RPPT Real Pay-Per-Transaction
RPPT Real Peak Power Tracker
RPPT Real People's Party of Timor (East Timor)
RPPT Real Percentage Points (financial reports)
RPPT Real Personal Productivity Tool (usually meaning a personal computer)
RPPT Real Personally Procured Transportation
RPPT Real Physical Prototyping Team
RPPT Real Pink Poogle Toy (website)
RPPT Real Planned Parenthood of Toronto
RPPT Real Planning & Placement Team
RPPT Real Plunge Protection Team
RPPT Real Positive Partial Transpose
RPPT Real Post Production Test
RPPT Real Postponed (baseball)
RPPT Real Powered Pallet Truck
RPPT Real Pre-Production Test
RPPT Real Precipitate (chemistry)
RPPT Real Precision Pressure Transducer
RPPT Real President Pro Tempore
RPPT Real Presidential Prayer Team
RPPT Real Primitive Pythagorean Triple (ordered triple of relatively prime
integers that satisfy the Pythagorean theorem)
RPPT Real Princess Peach Toadstool (Mario Games)
RPPT Real Principles and Parameter Theory
RPPT Real Process Project Teams
RPPT Real Processing Program Table (CICS)
RPPT Real Product Positioning Time
RPPT Real Production Prove-out Test
RPPT Real Professional Poker Tour
RPPT Real Program Performance Test
RPPT Real Program Planning Team
RPPT Real Program Processing Table
RPPT Real Program Properties Table (MVS Operating System)
RPPT Real Propagation Prediction Tool
RPPT Real Public Pay Telephone
RPPT Real Pulse Pair Timing
RPPT Real Pulsed Plasma Thruster
RPPT Real Pupil Personnel Team
RPPT Radiation Protection Program Training
RPPT Radio Packet Processor Training
RPPT Radon Proficiency Program Training
RPPT RAM Program Plan Training
RPPT Random Phase Plate Training
RPPT Rapid Photothermal Processing Training
RPPT Rassemblement pour le Progrès Populaire (Djibouti, People's Progress
Assembly) Training
RPPT Rastriya Prajantra Party (Nepal) Training
RPPT Rate Pressure Product Training
RPPT Rating of Perceived Pain Training
RPPT Recreational Pilot Permit Training
RPPT Reference Power Plant Training
RPPT Regional Priority Plan Training
RPPT Regional Priority Program Training
RPPT Registered Pension Plan Training
RPPT Regulated Price Plan (Ontario Energy Board) Training
RPPT Regulation and Planning Policy Training
RPPT Reliability Prediction Procedure Training
RPPT Reliability Program Plan Training
RPPT Reliability-Prediction Prioritization Training
RPPT Remote Power Panel (electrical power distribution panel) Training
RPPT Remote Presentation Protocol Training
RPPT Rental Partnership Program (off-post rental housing program for Army
personnel) Training
RPPT Report on Plans and Priorities Training
RPPT Republican Peoples' Party (Turkey) Training
RPPT Requisition Processing Point Training
RPPT Residential Permit Parking Training
RPPT Resources Protection Plan/Posture Training
RPPT Respiratory Protection Program Training
RPPT Resuming Play Procedure (basketball; protocol for handling free throws and
throw-ins) Training
RPPT Retail and Provider Perspectives Training
RPPT Retrograde Processing Point Training
RPPT Reverse Plane Partition (enumerative combinatorics) Training
RPPT Reverse-Pair Positioning Training
RPPT Risley Prism Pair Training
RPPT River Protection Project Training
RPPT Rural Provider Project Training
RPPT Real Property Probate and Trust
Probate is the legal process of settling the estate of a deceased person,
specifically resolving all claims and distributing the decedent's property.
The etymology of "probate" stems from Latin, old French. and old English words
with somewhat different meanings. The earliest definition, dated to 1463, means
the "official proving of a will," and originates from the Classical Latin word
probatus, meaning "a thing proved". This is the past participle of probāre,
which means "to try, test, prove" or "prove to be worthy". It also traces its
roots to the old french word prouwe, dated circa 1175, or prover, and is related
to the English word "prove". The term "probative," used in the law of evidence,
comes from the same Latin root but has a different English usage.
Commonwealth
In England and Wales, Ireland (N. and éire) and Commonwealth countries, and some
U.S. states, probate ("official proving of a will") is obtained by executors of
a will while Letters of Administration are granted where there are no executors.
Probate in the United States
This article or section relies largely or entirely upon a single source.
Please help improve this article by introducing appropriate citations of
additional sources.
In some states, after a person residing in that state has died without a valid
will or trust, his or her property immediately becomes the property of the
spouse, if any, without the need for probate. (This is the case in states that
recognize a married couple's property as community property or as tenancy by the
entireties.) However, in cases where the surviving spouse does not automatically
succeed to the decedent's property, then it is usually necessary to "probate the
estate", whether or not the decedent had a valid will. A court having
jurisdiction of the decedent's estate (often called a "probate court")
supervises probate, in order to ensure the decedent's property is distributed
according to the direction of his will and the laws of the state.
The will usually names an executor, a person tasked with carrying out the
instructions laid out in the will. The executor's most common task is the
marshalling of the decedent's assets throughout the probate process. If there is
no will, or if the will does not name an executor, then the probate or other
court having jurisdiction of the decedent's estate can appoint one.
Traditionally, the representative of an intestate estate is called an
administrator. In some cases, where the person named as executor cannot or will
not be able to handle the work, or wishes to have someone else handle the work,
another person will be named as administrator. Generally, an executor is a
person named in the will who receives something from the proceeds of the estate
in addition to following the instructions in the will, while an administrator is
not named in the will to be a recipient of the proceeds of the estate.
The representative of a testate estate who is someone other than the executor
named in the will is an administrator with the will annexed, or administrator
c.t.a. (from the Latin cum testamento annexo.) The generic term for executors or
administrators is personal representative.
Steps of probate
Some of the decedent's property may never enter probate because it passes to
another person contractually, such as the death proceeds of an insurance policy
insuring the decedent or bank account that names a beneficiary or is owned as
"payable on death", and property (usually, again, a bank account) legally held
as "jointly owned with right of survivorship". Property held in a living trust
also avoids probate. In these cases, the personal representative provides
documentation to the court, and the property is prevented from entering probate.
The first task of the personal representative after opening the probate case
with the court is to inventory and collect the decedent's property.
Next, the personal representative pays any debts and taxes that must be paid.
Finally, the personal representative distributes the remaining property to the
decedent's beneficiaries, either as instructed in the will, or per the intestacy
laws of the state.
Throughout this process there may be disputes. Anyone may make a claim on the
estate, either by petitioning the personal representative or the court. If the
claim is rejected, the claimant may file a lawsuit to attempt to prove the claim
and collect money. Any dispute generally causes the court to treat the probate
more formally, and it may reach the point where the court must approve every
transfer of every piece of property.
The personal representative must understand and abide by the fiduciary duties
(e.g., duty to keep monies in interest bearing account, duty to treat all
beneficiaries equally, etc.) placed on him or her. Disregard of the fiduciary
duties may allow interested persons to petition for the removal of the personal
representative and hold the personal representative liable for any harm to the
estate.
Avoiding probate
Probate generally lasts several months, occasionally over a year before all the
property can be distributed, and incur substantial court and attorney costs. One
of the many ways to avoid probate is to execute a living trust. This is a
separate entity to which a person transfers ownership of his real property
(house, etc.,) from himself to a trust which he controls and can revise at any
time (except in the case of an irrevocable trust.) Upon death, the persons named
as beneficiaries in the trust acquire ownership of it and, therefore, the
property the trust owns. As probate is a public process, a living trust has the
added advantage of preserving the privacy of the deceased and his heirs as well
as avoiding some estate tax.
Life insurance, savings accounts, and joint tenancies with the right of
survivorship are some of the other ways people use to avoid probate.
Avoiding probate does not necessarily mean estate taxes have also been avoided.
The laws imposing the federal estate tax have been modified to include within
the definition of the person's taxable estate, property held in a living trust,
life insurance, "payable on death" or "transfer on death" financial instruments,
and most other property which is transferred from a dead person to a living
person in consequence of the death. Inter vivos trusts can reduce estate taxes
if they are properly structured, but that is not related to the avoidance of
probate. Generally, to avoid an estate/inheritance tax, a person must give it
away irrevocably or leave it to a qualified charity. However the use of credit
shelter trusts (also called AB trusts) can allow a married couple to preserve
both unified credits, allowing up to twice the total estate to pass to heirs
without estate tax. This may reduce or eliminate the total tax the couple would
have otherwise paid.
Probate under English and Welsh law
When someone dies, issuing the legal document to the executor or other
administrator to give them authority to deal with their estate is known as
probate. The grant of representation is issued by the Probate Registry. If there
is a will but no executor letters of administration are issued instead.
It is not always necessary to obtain a grant of probate; some organisations
including many insurance companies, banks and building societies will release
funds to the executor of the will without seeing a grant of probate if the
amount is small and the situation is not complex.
For an explanation of the intestacy probate process in England and Wales, see
Administration of an estate on death.
The American Bar Association (ABA), founded August 21, 1878 , is a voluntary bar
association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any
jurisdiction in the United States. The ABA's most important stated activities
are the setting of academic standards for law schools, and the formulation of
model ethical codes related to the legal profession. The ABA has 410,000
members.
Model ethical standards for lawyers
The most important role of the ABA is its creation and maintenance of a code of
ethical standards for lawyers. The Model Code of Professional Responsibility
(1969) and/or the newer Model Rules of Professional Conduct (1983) have been
adopted in 49 state jurisdictions and the District of Columbia. The one
exception is California, which has refused to adopt either (see State Bar of
California), although a few sections of the California Rules of Professional
Responsibility have similarities with sections in the ABA model.
Accreditation of law schools
According to the ABA, it "provides law school accreditation, continuing legal
education, information about the law, programs to assist lawyers and judges in
their work, and initiatives to improve the legal system for the public. The
Mission of the American Bar Association is to be the national representative of
the legal profession, serving the public and the profession by promoting
justice, professional excellence and respect for the law."
ABA accreditation is important not only because it affects the recognition of
the law schools involved, but it also impacts a graduate's ability to practice
law in a particular state. Specifically, in most jurisdictions, graduation from
an ABA-accredited law school is expressly stated as a prerequisite towards being
allowed to sit for that state's bar exam, and even for existing lawyers to be
admitted to the bar of another state upon motion. Even states which recognize
unaccredited schools within its borders will generally not recognize such
schools from other jurisdictions for purposes of bar admission.
The United States has accused the ABA of violating Section 1 of the Sherman Act
in its accreditation proceedings, resulting in a consent decree in 1995.
Publications
The Association publishes a general magazine for all members, the ABA Journal.
ABA members may also join subject-specific "sections," and each section
publishes a variety of newsletters and magazines for its members (such as Law
Practice Magazine published by the Law Practice Management Section). The
sections also hold their own meetings.
Each section will normally have a publication program that includes (1) books,
usually oriented toward practitioners; (2) scholarly journals, such as
Administrative Law Review (published by the ABA Section of Administrative Law &
Regulatory Practice and The American University Washington College of Law) and
The International Lawyer (published by the ABA Section of International Law and
SMU Dedman School of Law); (3) newsletters, such as The International Law News
(published by the ABA Section of International Law); (4) e-publications, such as
a monthly message from the section chair, or updates on substantive law
developments; and (5) committee publications, such as a committee newsletter
published by one of the substantive law committees.
Governing bodies and leaders
The ABA has a House of Delegates which acts as the organization's primary body
for adopting new policies and recommendations as part of the association's
official position.
In 1995 Roberta Cooper Ramo became the first woman president of the American Bar
Association since its inception in 1878.
Recent ABA Presidents
List of Presidents of the American Bar Association
* 2000-2001: Martha Barnett
* 2002-2003: Alfred P. Carlton, Jr.
* 2003-2004: Dennis W. Archer (first African-American president)
* 2004-2005: Robert J. Grey, Jr. of Richmond, Virginia
* 2005-2006: Michael S. Greco of Boston, Massachusetts (first foreign-born
president)
* 2006-2007: Karen J. Mathis
* 2007-2008: William H. Neukom
Rating of judicial nominees
For decades, the ABA has participated in the federal judicial nomination process
by vetting nominees and giving them a rating ranging from "not qualified" to
"well qualified." The process has been accused by some (including the Federalist
Society) of having a liberal bias. For example, the ABA gave Ronald Reagan's
judicial nominees Richard Posner and Frank H. Easterbrook low "qualified/not
qualified" ratings; later, the ABA gave Bill Clinton judicial nominees with
similar resumes "well qualified" ratings. Meanwhile, Judges Posner and
Easterbrook have gone on to become the two most highly-cited judges in the
federal appellate judiciary.
In 2001, the George W. Bush administration announced that it would cease
cooperating with the ABA in advance of judicial nominations. The ABA continues
to rate nominees. In 2005, the ABA gave John Roberts, George W. Bush's
nomination for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a unanimous "well-qualified"
rating. It also gave a unanimous "well qualified" rating to appellate court
nominee Miguel Estrada, who never took his seat because his nomination was
filibustered. However, it gave only a "qualified/not-qualified" rating to
nominee Janice Rogers Brown. In 2006, the ABA gave a unanimous "well-qualified"
rating to Judge Samuel Alito, Bush's appointee for Sandra Day O'Connor's
Associate Justice position.
ABA claims regarding Constitutional violations by the Bush Administration
In July 2006, an ABA task force under then President Michael S. Greco released a
report that concluded that George W. Bush's use of "signing statements" violates
the Constitution. These are documents attached by the President to bills he
signs, in which he states that he will enforce the new law only to the extent
that he feels the law conforms to his interpretation of the Constitution.
Criticisms of the ABA
The ABA has been criticized for perceived elitism and overrepresentation of
white male corporate defense lawyers among its membership; in 1925,
African-American lawyers formed the National Bar Association at a time when ABA
would not allow them to be members.
However, since the 1960s, the ABA has made great strides in increasing the
diversity of its membership. Its membership has grown from less than 11 percent
of all American lawyers to roughly 50 percent today. In recent years, the ABA
has also drawn some criticism, mainly from the conservative side of the
political spectrum, for taking positions on controversial public policy topics
such as abortion, capital punishment and gun control . The ABA's official
position in favor of abortion rights led to the formation of a (much smaller)
alternative organization for lawyers, the National Lawyers Association. The
Federalist Society sponsors a twice-a-year publication called "ABA Watch" that
reports on the political activities of the ABA.
There are heated debates over requirements placed on law schools by the ABA.
Many states and practitioners believe ABA requirements to be unnecessary and
costly. Some legal professionals and academics feel these requirements promote
the rising cost of tuition.
Are you interested in
mult-player online internet games? Such as runescape and neopets?Internet
Game Online-games, tips, cheats and kids forumsAnother
good forum is the Internet Junction For Gamers IJFG.COM
Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More IJFG.COM Jokes, Pranks, Runescape and other cool games at IJFG.COM.
RuneScape is set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or
"EverQuest", where players control character representations of themselves. As
with most massive multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPG), there is no
overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form alliances, perform
optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build character's skills.
RuneScape has often been one of
the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a
unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop
cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved
games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to
play (p2p), receive access to the special areas. They also have access to the
free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the
gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you
first start playing runescape, moves around the game on foot; either by running,
or walking. Players are challenged to their utmost skills by fighting new
monsters, completing difficult quests, and manipulating marketing. As Runescape
2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play
rs. They can choose what to do, and when, whether it be training their
money-making skills, or fighting another player. Players usually interact with
each other by chatting through public chat, or private chat.Internet
Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM IJFG.com was a
runescape 2 based site. They have now, however, taken another look....
Of course the king of all game
cheating websites is
trick
the trik (otherwise known as RPG Cheats Site), where you can find cheat
forums, mmorpg topsite, arcade games and any mmo game related topics.
The master of massive multiplayer
online role-playing games (MMORPG) cheats can be found at Trik.com
Trik.com; this site is one of the best today. The forum section,
Trik.com forum, originally came from IJFG.com (Internet Junction For
Gamers) , which was one of the best websites that discussed various gamers'
issues. The full name was Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More. This site had Jokes, Pranks, RuneScape and other cool games. RuneScape is
set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest," where
players control character representations of themselves. As with most MMORPG,
there is no overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form
alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build
characters' skills.
Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
success, but Trik.com has more to offer. Trik Topsite can be found at
Trik Topsite; the TopSite is a great addition if you want to find the best
MMO RPG site(s) or raise your site in the rankings. Trik.com also has a
viciously competitive Arcade. If you want to be the #1 Arcade on Trik, then come
prove yourself at Trik.com arcade:
Trik arcade. Trik.com ?Trik.com/topsite ?Trik.com/forum/arcade.php
With the rising popularity of
commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to
run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the
original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server
has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the
original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
large MMORPGs. Due to its openness in implementation, server emulators arose
very quickly, even during the beta stage of development. The destination to
which the client connects was changeable by simply editing a text file. In beta
stage the client-server data stream was not encrypted yet. The term server
emulator became known through Ultima Online server reimplementation such as UOX,
which was the pioneer. Many forks and reimplementations followed UOX, because
its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
early. RunUO is today the most widely used UO-server emulator. After RuneScape
implemented anti-cheating measures, many gamers left and started their own
private servers. The best place to discuss the private server is at
Trik- The Master of Private Server.
Another useful site is
Rune
Web ruwb.com . This site is about more serious RuneScape gold trading,
account exchange, gold for real life cash and many services. It includes tips on
how to avoid getting lured/scammed while using the marketplace. For programming,
visual basics, java, C/C++, scar and all other languages such as PHP, HTML, ASP,
Delphi. There are also sections for graphics talents, plus many cool videos and
fun stuff.
A defining moment in internet
gaming history was when a group of gamers called (hygo 7) decided to start an
ultimate game forum, which they named
hygo.com. It has the best financial backing, the friendliest game community,
and the highest quality of information. Currently Hygo.com has entered a new
phase...Hygo.com is offering the best private server game. With thousands of
members, Hygo.com is your next place to visit, as they have an amazing game with
a community and economy.
Hygo.com - The Online Adventure Game. is definitely one of the top sites you
want to join right now!
EZud is another popular site.
ezud.com. It has the best runescape bug abuse, bugs and trik.
ezud.com - The runescape bugs. is definitely one of the best sites you want
to join right now!
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